有参考基因组的RNA-seq详细分析流程

1. 简介


测序技术的普及使得RNA-seq进入寻常百姓家,单纯的qRT数据通量不再满足实验数据的需求,而RNA-seq的分析无非就是有参和无参两种方式;
本文主要就有参转录组的分析做简单介绍;
此外,有参转录组数据分析流程千千万,本文仅是其中一种,详细运行参数请多 -help

2. 环境准备

  • 质量检验
    • FastQC
    • MultiQC (可选)
  • reads 过滤与修剪
    • Trimmomatic
  • 序列比对
    • hisat2
  • 排序及格式转换
    • samtools
  • 序列组装
    • StringTie
  • 差异表达分析
    • Ballgown
    • DESeq2
    • edgeR

3. 数据准备

  • 目标物种基因组数据【基因组fa (genome.fa)和gff注释文件 (genome.gff3)】
  • 测序 reads (实验室生成或NCBI下载)

4. 测序reads分析过程

4.1 SRA 转 fq (可选)

参考 Using the SRA Toolkit to convert .sra files into other formats,根据个人喜好选用相应工具将NCBI的SRA数据库下载SRA数据转化为fq格式;

4.2 质控

FastQC 察看数据质量,Trimmomatic 来进行接头,低质量测序reads的过滤与修剪;

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ls *gz |xargs -I [] echo 'nohup fastqc [] &'>fastqc.sh
./fastqc.sh
multiqc ./

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java -jar trimmomatic-0.30.jar PE \ 
-threads 20 -phred33 reads1.fastq reads2.fastq \
reads1.clean.fastq reads1.unpaired.fastq reads2.clean.fastq reads2.unpaired.fastq \
ILLUMINACLIP:/Trimmomatic-0.30/adapters/TruSeq3-PE.fa:2:30:10 \
LEADING:3 TRAILING:3 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15 MINLEN:50

4.3 序列比对

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hisat2-build genome.fa genome
hisat2 -x genome -1 read1.fq.gz -2 read2.fq.gz -S Sample.sam -p 8

4.4 排序及格式转换

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samtools view -bS Sample.sam | samtools sort -@ 8 - Sample.sorted

4.5 序列组装

用StringTie对每个样本进行转录本组装

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# Transcriptome assembly
stringtie -p 8 -G genome.gff3 -o Sample.gtf –l Sample.sorted.bam
# 获取所有*.gtf 文件名的列表, 并且每个文件名占据一行
ls | \grep "Sample" | sort -V | uniq | awk 'BEGIN{OFS="/"} {print $1,$1".gtf"}' > Sample_gtf.txt
# Merges transcripts into a non-redundant set of transcripts
stringtie --merge -p 8 -G genome.gff3 -o merged.gtf Sample_gtf.txt
# Expression level estimation
stringtie –e –B -p 8 -G merged.gtf -o Sample.gtf Sample.sorted.bam

4.6 count data 提取

准备上述gtf结果文件sample文件 (sample_lst.txt),格式如下:

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Sample1 <PATH_TO_Sample1.gtf>
Sample2 <PATH_TO_Sample2.gtf>
Sample3 <PATH_TO_Sample3.gtf>
Sample4 <PATH_TO_Sample4.gtf>

提取各样品count data

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prepDE.py -i sample_lst.txt

5. 差异表达分析

差异分析可参考搭PacBio全长转录组便车的无重复样本RNA-seq分析
主要就是准备表型文件和上述的基因或转录本count 文件
表型数据格式如下 (phenodata.csv):

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sample	group
Sample1 leaf
Sample2 leaf
Sample3 root
Sample4 root

5.1 DESeq2

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library("DESeq2")
countData <- as.matrix(read.csv("gene_count_matrix.csv", row.names="gene_id"))
colData <- read.csv("phenodata.csv", sep="\t", row.names=1)
all(rownames(colData) %in% colnames(countData))
countData <- countData[, rownames(colData)]
all(rownames(colData) == colnames(countData))
dds <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(countData = countData, colData = colData, design = ~ group)
dds <- DESeq(dds)
res <- results(dds)
(resOrdered <- res[order(res$padj), ])

5.2 edgeR

edgeR 和上述 DESeq2相似,具体请参考其BiocManager 说明;

5.3 Ballgown

上述StringTie结果可直接用Ballgown读取来进行差异分析;

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library(ballgown)
pheno_data <- read.csv("phenodata.csv")
bg <- ballgown(dataDir = "ballgown",
samplePattern = "sample",
pData = pheno_data)
samplesNames(bg)
bgfilt <-subset(bg,'rowVars(texpr(bg))>1',genomesubset=TRUE)(过滤掉表达差异较小的基因)
diff_genes <- stattest(bgfilt,feature='gene',covariate=【自变量】,adjustvars=【无关变量】,meas='FPKM')
diff_genes <- arrange(diff_genes,pval)
write.csv(diff_genes,'diff_genes.csv',row.names=FALSE)
# MA plot
library(ggplot2)
library(cowplot)
results_transcripts$mean <- rowMeans(texpr(bg_chrX_filt))

ggplot(results_transcripts, aes(log2(mean), log2(fc), colour = qval<0.05)) +
scale_color_manual(values=c("#999999", "#FF0000")) +
geom_point() +
geom_hline(yintercept=0)

6. 扩增阅读

  1. Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown
  2. RNA-seq Wiki
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