R中的基础函数

在R中偶尔也需要对一些数据进行简短的处理,掌握一些基本函数是必须的,本文将持续收集那些短小精悍的R函数,正确的运用还是能起到四两拔千斤的效果,欢迎评论补充。

aggregate

功能:aggregate(formula, data, FUN)
首先将数据进行分组(按行),然后对每一组数据进行函数统计,最后把结果组合成一个比较nice的表格返回.

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> head(chickwts)
weight feed
1 179 horsebean
2 160 horsebean
3 136 horsebean
4 227 horsebean
5 217 horsebean
6 168 horsebean
> unique(chickwts$feed)
[1] horsebean linseed soybean sunflower meatmeal casein
Levels: casein horsebean linseed meatmeal soybean sunflower
> #aggregate(chickwts$weight, by=list(chickwts$feed), FUN=mean)
> aggregate(weight ~ feed, data = chickwts, mean)
feed weight
1 casein 323.5833
2 horsebean 160.2000
3 linseed 218.7500
4 meatmeal 276.9091
5 soybean 246.4286
6 sunflower 328.9167
> head(iris)
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
> unique(iris$Species)
[1] setosa versicolor virginica
Levels: setosa versicolor virginica
> aggregate(. ~ Species, data = iris, mean)
Species Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
1 setosa 5.006 3.428 1.462 0.246
2 versicolor 5.936 2.770 4.260 1.326
3 virginica 6.588 2.974 5.552 2.026

paste

功能:paste(…, sep = “ “, collapse = NULL)
字符串连接

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> paste("CK", 1:6, sep = "")
[1] "CK1" "CK2" "CK3" "CK4" "CK5" "CK6"
> #设置collapse参数,连成一个字符串
> paste("CK", 1:6, sep = "", collapse = "-")
[1] "CK1-CK2-CK3-CK4-CK5-CK6"

paste在不指定分割符的情况下,默认分割符是空格 ,paste0在不指定分割符的情况下,默认分割符是空。

strsplit

功能:strsplit(x, split, fixed = FALSE, perl = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
字符串拆分,生成一个list
参数解释:
x为字串向量,每个元素都将单独进行拆分。
split为拆分位置的字串向量(分隔符),默认为正则表达式匹配(fixed=FALSE)。如果你没接触过正则表达式,设置fixed=TRUE,表示使用普通文本匹配或正则表达式的精确匹配。普通文本的运算速度快。
perl=TRUE/FALSE的设置和perl语言版本有关,如果正则表达式很长,正确设置表达式并且使用perl=TRUE可以提高运算速度。
useBytes设置是否逐个字节进行匹配,默认为FALSE,即按字符而不是字节进行匹配。

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> text <- "Hello Adam!\nHello Ava!"
> strsplit(text, "\\s")
[[1]]
[1] "Hello" "Adam!" "Hello" "Ava!"

如果要对一个向量使用该函数,需要注意。

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#分割向量的每一个元素,并取分割后的第一个元素
unlist(lapply(X = c("abc", "bcd", "dfafadf"), FUN = function(x) {return(strsplit(x, split = "")[[1]][1])}))
[1] "a" "b" "d"

grep/regexpr/gregexpr/regexec

功能:grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, value = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE, invert = FALSE)
grep仅返回匹配项的下标.
regexpr、gregexpr和regexec返回的结果包含了匹配的具体位置和字符串长度信息.

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> text <- c("Hellow, Adam!", "Hi, Adam!", "How are you, Adam.")
> text
[1] "Hellow, Adam!" "Hi, Adam!" "How are you, Adam."
> grep("Adam",text)
[1] 1 2 3
> regexpr("Adam", text)
[1] 9 5 14
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4 4 4
attr(,"useBytes")
[1] TRUE
> gregexpr("Adam", text)
[[1]]
[1] 9
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4
attr(,"useBytes")
[1] TRUE

[[2]]
[1] 5
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4
attr(,"useBytes")
[1] TRUE

[[3]]
[1] 14
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4
attr(,"useBytes")
[1] TRUE

> regexec("Adam", text)
[[1]]
[1] 9
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4

[[2]]
[1] 5
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4

[[3]]
[1] 14
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 4

substr

功能:substr(x, start, stop)
字符串提取

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> substr(text,9,12)
[1] "Adam" "!" "you,"

strtrim

功能:strtrim(x, width)
将字符串修剪到特定的显示宽度.

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> head(iris)
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
> strtrim(head(iris)$Sepal.Length,1)
[1] "5" "4" "4" "4" "5" "5"
> iris$Sepal.Length<-strtrim(head(iris)$Sepal.Length,1)
> head(iris)
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa

length/nchar

nchar是向量元素的字符个数,而length是向量长度.

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> length("ATGGGAATGCATGAACTAGCAGCCAAAGTTGATGAGT")
[1] 1
> car <- c('bmw','ford','mini','bmw','mini')
> length(car)
[1] 5
> length(unique(car))
[1] 3
> nchar("ATGGGAATGCATGAACTAGCAGCCAAAGTTGATGAGT")
[1] 37

round

功能:round(x, digits = 0)
四舍五入

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> round(c(1.1254,0.1247844),3)
[1] 1.125 0.125

axes/axis

axes=FALSE 暂时禁止坐标轴的生成|以便使用axis()函数添加你自己定制的坐标轴。默认情况是axes=TRUE,即包含坐标轴。
axis(side, . . . )
在当前图形的指定边上添加坐标,在哪个边上由第一个参数指定(1到4,从底部按照顺时针顺序)。其他参数控制坐标的位置|在图形内或图形外,以及标记的位置和标签。适合在调用参数为axes=FALSE的函数plot()后添加定制的坐标轴。

order()

A[order(A[,4],decreasing=T),] #按照第4列降序排序
data #dataframe对象 含有v1,v2两列
data[sort(data$v1,index.return=TRUE)$ix,]  #对data的数据按v1排列,v1须为numeric as.numeric()

%in%

功能:在数据框中选取某一列只含特定字符的行

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> library(dplyr)
> library(tidyr)
> df <- data_frame(
+ group = c(1:2, 1),
+ item_name = c("a", "b", "b"),
+ value1 = 1:3,
+ value2 = 4:6
+ )
> df
Source: local data frame [3 x 4]

group item_name value1 value2
(dbl) (chr) (int) (int)
1 1 a 1 4
2 2 b 2 5
3 1 b 3 6
>#选取item_name列中只含有a的行
> a<-c("a")
> df[df$item_name %in% a,]
Source: local data frame [1 x 4]

group item_name value1 value2
(dbl) (chr) (int) (int)
1 1 a 1 4

table

功能:统计数据的频数

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> a<-c(1,1,1,2,2,3)
> table(a)
a
1 2 3
3 2 1

str()

功能:查看数据结构

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> str(reps )
'data.frame': 255956 obs. of 17 variables:
$ bin : int 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 ...
$ swScore : int 342 2271 3379 2704 180 380 1113 233 388 673 ...
$ milliDiv : int 0 159 80 108 0 131 168 302 256 182 ...
$ milliDel : int 0 37 4 31 0 0 19 0 0 7 ...
$ milliIns : int 0 25 0 10 0 14 19 68 14 90 ...
$ genoName : Factor w/ 1 level "chrX": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ genoStart: int 0 41 1799 2290 2797 2945 3015 3565 5012 5164 ...
$ genoEnd : int 38 446 2272 2703 2817 3015 3221 3757 5164 5186 ...
$ genoLeft : int -154913716 -154913308 -154911482 -154911051 -154910937 -154910739 -154910533 -154909997 -154908590 -154908568 ...
$ strand : Factor w/ 2 levels "-","+": 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 ...
$ repName : Factor w/ 1105 levels "(A)n","(AAATG)n",..: 90 519 656 579 90 183 248 284 940 240 ...
$ repClass : Factor w/ 15 levels "DNA","LINE","Low_complexity",..: 10 4 4 4 10 10 11 3 4 11 ...
$ repFamily: Factor w/ 35 levels "AcHobo","Alu",..: 28 7 7 7 28 28 2 12 13 2 ...
$ repStart : int 3 741 1 1 2 1 -20 1 -200 1 ...
$ repEnd : int 40 1150 475 422 21 69 292 179 228 22 ...
$ repLeft : int 0 -104 -83 -79 0 0 87 0 37 -280 ...
$ id : int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 ...

ifelse

功能:条件判断

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> set.seed(123)
> col1 <- runif (5, 0, 2)
> col2 <- rnorm (5, 0, 2)
> col3 <- rpois (5, 3)
> col4 <- rchisq (5, 0.1)
> df <- data.frame (col1, col2, col3, col4)
> df
col1 col2 col3 col4
1 0.5751550 -3.3791113 5 2.771082e-01
2 1.5766103 2.4789918 2 3.888853e-04
3 0.8179538 -0.2179319 0 8.652702e-05
4 1.7660348 -0.2344839 2 6.492406e-17
5 1.8809346 0.3661652 6 2.963428e-02
> output <- ifelse ((df$col1) > 1 & (df$col3) > 2, "yes", "no")
> df$output <- output
> df
col1 col2 col3 col4 output
1 0.5751550 -3.3791113 5 2.771082e-01 no
2 1.5766103 2.4789918 2 3.888853e-04 no
3 0.8179538 -0.2179319 0 8.652702e-05 no
4 1.7660348 -0.2344839 2 6.492406e-17 no
5 1.8809346 0.3661652 6 2.963428e-02 yes

gsub和sub

字符串替换
gsub替换匹配到的全部
sub 替换匹配到的第一个

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# 将b替换为B
gsub(pattern = "b", replacement = "B", x = c("abcb", "boy", "baby"))
[1] "aBcB" "Boy" "BaBy
# 只替换第一个b
sub(pattern = "b", replacement = "B", x = c("abcb", "baby"))
[1] "aBcb" "Baby"

字符串中字符统计

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s <- "aababac"
p <- "a"
countCharOccurrences <- function(char, s) {
s2 <- gsub(char,"",s)
return (nchar(s) - nchar(s2))
}
countCharOccurrences(p,s)
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